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User and Task Analysis for Interface Design

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Summary TOC Author Look Inside Comments Reviews
Joann T. Hackos, Janice C. Redish
January 1998, John Wiley & Sons, Hardcover, 488 pages, ISBN 0471178314

Instructor-led, virtual, and self-paced training for Business Analysts What Do Business Analysts Do?
How to Elicit (Gather), Write, and Analyze Requirements
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How to Model, Analyze, and Improve Business Processes
How to Discover Business and Stakeholder Requirements
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Summary
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Task analysis is an important aspect of user interface design, insuring that the end product is usable and practical. Written by task analysis experts, this book is the first book that provides full-length coverage of task analysis. It covers in detail every step of the task analysis process, and discusses the methodologies behind it.
 
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BA books: Table of Contents
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Preface
About the book
Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Introducing User and Task
Analysis for Interface Design
What is this book about?
What is interface design?
What makes an interface usable?
What is user and task analysis?
When should you do user and task analysis?
Why do user and task analysis at all?
Why isn't this done all the time already?
Where does user and task analysis come from?
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Part 1. Understanding the Context of User and Task Analysis
Chapter 2. Thinking About Users
Why study users?
Who are your users?
Starting a user and task analysis
What do you want to know about your users?
Jobs, tasks, tools, and mental models: How
users define themselves
Individual differences
What are the trade-offs?
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Chapter 3. Thinking About Tasks
What is task analysis?
Starting with users' goals
Identifying different types and levels of task analysis
Combining workflow analysis and job analysis
Task analysis to develop a task list or task inventory
Process analysis, task sequences
Task hierarchies
Procedural analysis
Thinking of users according to their stages of use
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Chapter 4. Thinking About the Users' Environment
Why is environment important?
What aspects of the environment are important?
What should you look for in the physical environment?
What should you look for in the social and cultural environment?
What are the trade-offs?
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Chapter 5. Making the Business Case for Site Visits
Challenging or verifying your assumptions
Countering objections to doing user and task analysis
Preparing a business proposal
References cited in the chapter

Part 2. Getting Ready for Site Visits
Chapter 6. Selecting Techniques
Observing, listening to, and talking with users
Interviewing users and others
Working with users away from their work sites
Using more traditional market research techniques
Using more traditional systems development techniques
Summary
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Chapter 7. Setting Up Site Visits
Issues and objectives
Participants
Locations
Schedule
Recruiting
Data collection techniques
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Chapter 8. Preparing for the Site Visits
Issues to consider as you prepare
Organizing the team
Training the team
Materials for the site visits
What materials will you need for the team
to use during the site visits?
What materials will you need to facilitate
information gathering?
Will you videotape? Audiotape?
Deciding what you will do with the data
Staying organized (building in record keeping)
Site Visit Plan
Site visit plan for SuperSales
Reference cited in the chapter

Part 3. Conducting the Site Visit
Chapter 9. Conducting the Site Visit-Honing Your Observation Skills
Handling the site visit
Learning more about the user
Taking notes on the user's environment
Understanding the users' goals
Understanding the users' tasks
Asking the user to talk to you and to think aloud
Noting where the user starts the task
Noting what triggers the task
Taking down the level of detail you need
for your issues
Capturing interactions with other resources: people, paper, programs
Separating observations and inferences as you watch users
Noting where the user ends the task (what happens next)
Noting whether the user successfully met the goal
Going on to the next observation or the
next part of the site visit
Thanking the user, distributing presents,
and taking your leave
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Chapter 10. Conducting the Site Visit-Honing
Your Interviewing Skills
Listening-the most important part of
interviewing
Setting expectations about roles and knowledge
Planning the questions or issues for site
visit interviews
Knowing what you are trying to learn
Realizing the power of different types of questions
Asking neutral questions
Respecting silence
Watching body language and other signals from users
Capturing exactly what the user says
Staying close to your site visit plan
Being flexible
Giving users opportunities to answer the
questions you didn't ask
Handling questions from users
References cited in the chapter

Part 4. Making the Transition from Analysis to Design
Chapter 11. Analyzing and Presenting the
Data You Have Collected
Methods for organizing and analyzing your data
Other methods for analyzing your data
Methods of enhancing your presentations
Selecting the best methods for your analysis
Selecting the right methods for analysis
depends on team issues
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Chapter 12. Working toward the Interface Design
Designing from what you've learned
Qualitative usability goals and measurable objectives
Objects/Actions: Nouns/Verbs
Metaphors for the interface design
Use scenarios
Use sequences
Use flow diagrams
Use workflows
Use hierarchies
Storyboarding and sketching
Video dramatizations
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Chapter 13. Prototyping the Interface Design
Setting the background
Building prototypes
Evaluating prototypes
Continuing the process
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading

Chapter 14. User and Task Analysis for Documentation and Training
What types of documents and training materials need user and task analysis?
What counts as documentation or training in a software application?
Why are there so many types of communication in software?
Who should prepare documentation and training materials?
Why should you do user and task analysis for documentation and training?
What might you do during site visits if your focus is documentation or training?
What can you do with the information you gather during site visits?
How do you move from decisions to prototypes?
User's manuals: Why is organizing by users' tasks so important?
Getting started manuals: What is minimalism?
Online help: What do people want to know?
On the screen: What is an embedded performance support system?
What about the Web?
What about computer-based and Web-based training?
Summary
References cited in the chapter
Other books and articles for further reading
Bibliography

Appendixes
Appendix A.
Template for a Site Visit Plan
Issues and objectives
Participants
Locations
Schedule for the field study project
Recruiting
Data collection techniques and schedule for
each site visit
Teams
Materials
Media
Data analysis and reporting
Appendix B. Resources
Appendix C.
Guidelines for User-Interface Design

 
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Author info
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JOANN T. HACKOS is president of Comtech Services, a design consulting firm that specializes in assisting companies to understand their users, design their products and information, conduct usability tests, and manage development projects.

JANICE (GINNY) C. REDISH is president of Redish & Associates, Inc. Ginny helps companies with user and task analysis, usability assessments, interface and information design, and building usability into software and documentation processes.

 
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Business System Analysis Books: Reviews
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Review-Date: 9/14/2002 Rating: 2 Summary: It‘s about communication not design

This book does not cover design of the interface well at all.
Not worth buying for design. Ok for how to talk to a user


Review-Date: 6/19/2001 Rating: 5 Summary: Excellent Practicle tips

This book was the best out of several others that I have read realted to usability engineering or UCD. It had several practical examples and stories attached to each topic. Its excellent for starter as well as proffesionals who are working at companies and have to justify several things. Several formates for reports and other resources are available for conducting a good Users and Task Analysis. More so its really easy and interesting to read with all the stories and the diagrams.


Review-Date: 1/5/2001 Rating: 5 Summary: Read it before you need it.

If there is one strong message in this book, it is: Go talk to the people who will use your product. It‘s an important message. Software designers and writers spend too much time with each other developing clever tricks, while the poor user, often left to self–train with a poorly written manual, gives up in frustration. The authors follow their own advice––in addition to telling you how to conduct a site visit to the end users, there are clear instructions (based on experience) on planning a visit, structuring questions, how to make the site visit useful for both the analyzers and the users, and figuring out what the user said and what it means about the product. There are reminders about release forms and examples of the forms themselves. Case studies help make the points clear and undestandable. A thoroughly readable book in clear and simple language that can be started anywhere for quick help, or read cover to cover for a complete course.


Review-Date: 12/15/2000 Rating: 5 Summary: A handbook you will dog ear from use

First of all, I have not read this book cover to cover. I have used it as a manual for task analysis in bits and pieces. Eventually, I will read it cover to cover, as it deserves this attention and I need the information.

I was recommended this book by a colleague and since recommended it at least a dozen times myself to fellow human factors engineers and software/system designers. It had the answers to many of the practical questions I was asking and being asked.

This book gives practical advice on how to analyse a task based on the "things that need to be done" to the "people that need to do them". Based on the recommendations, these are not "pie in the sky" ideas but practical tips from the people that do this work day to day.

If you read through the table of contents that Amazon provides you will find most if not all of your questions on how to go about this type of work answered within the pages of this book.

Briefly the Chapters are broken up into main segments of this type of work:

1. Introducing User and Task Analysis for Interface Design

UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT OF USER AND TASK ANALYSIS

2. Thinking about Users

3. Thinking about Tasks

4. Thinking about the User‘s environment

5. Making the Business case for site visits

GETTING READY FOR SITE VISITS

6. Selecting techniques

7. Setting up site visits

8. Preparing for site visits

CONDUCTING THE SITE VISIT

9. Conducting the site visit–Honing your observational skills

10.Conducting the site visit–Honing your interview skills

MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM ANALYSIS TO DESIGN

11. Analysing and presenting the data you have collected

12. Working toward the interface design

13. Prototyping the interface design

14. User and task analysis for Documentation and training

Appendix A: Template for a site visit plan

Appendix B: Resources

Appendix C: Guidelines for User–Interface Design

The appendices are a collection of very useful information to jog your memory while doing a site visit as well as some general user interface guidelines. This makes for a nice checklist to check if you forgot anything.

Not only is this book chock full of good tips, advice and an idea of how to structure this type of work, but it was designed well visually. The fonts and typography are pleasant to look at and the examples, graphics and important points are well illustrated. I guess they did a good job of analyzing the task of the reader as well.



Review-Date: 10/9/2000 Rating: 5 Summary: How to do it..

I like it a lot this book, because really can help you how to do a Good Design, The book show a lot techniques an examples than help you to understand and make it easy. This book has usability itself. I enjoyed a lot.


Review-Date: 3/21/2000 Rating: 5 Summary: Great for the practitioner‘s bookshelf!

I just finished planning a contextual inquiry for a new product. This book covered everything I needed to know, from how to structure the plan to suggestions on what to bring for gifts. I especially like the paragraphs that describe real things that happened to the authors and their friends while doing these studies.

If you are considering any kind of site visit or field study in order to learn about the end users of your product (AND YOU SHOULD), you will find this book highly useful. Check with me later as to how well it helped me write up results...



Review-Date: 12/31/1999 Rating: 4 Summary: Excellent Starting Point

This is the first book I‘ve read on this subject, and it was a great starting point for me. I‘m responsible for implementing a system that, in its current state, is not "user–friendly" enough. This was the book I was looking for to help me express the criticality of the user‘s perspective to the designers as we embark on the redesign.

A starting point for our dialog will be the classification of users into "novices, advanced beginners, competent performers, and experts," and their corresponding characteristics. The example showing that approximately 80% of users do not move beyond the "advanced beginner" stage on a tool that they use relatively infrequently. This matches our experiences. For our product to be successful, we need to focus on these users, who will be the majority of our population.

I also take to heart the reactions that can emerge from the shock of seeing real users working with the prototype or product for the first time: defensiveness, despair, rush to redesign, and the thought that it can all be solved by training or documentation. Been there, felt that.

Through reading this book, I have a new appreciation for the complexity of the task ahead of us, and the tremendous amount of time and attention it is going to take to get it right. Fortunately, we have a user community that is currently very eager to help us get it right –– this book is going to be a valuable tool to help us collect, structure and analyze their input and experiences.

I considered at a lot of other books before choosing this one –– it hit the mark for me as a manager–level view of user and task analysis, tool development and implementation. It‘s not a computer programming book (many user–interface books are focused on the specifics of GUI –– even including code), and it‘s not a book targeted at psychology majors (they hit the basics of cognitive psychology –– but from a "this is what users are like" perspective, not a theoretical standpoint.) It‘s an excellent starting point for the rest of us.



Review-Date: 11/8/1999 Rating: 5 Summary: Good Reference, Easy Reading, Informative

Really drives–home the importance of understanding What problem(s) will be solved for users?. This book puts user and task analysis into propective, conveying good ‘how to‘ information.


Review-Date: 4/27/1999 Rating: 5 Summary: Profundidad en el Análisis

Este libro es de gran utilidad, por la diversidad de ideas y casos de aplicación que muestra. Da un panoráma muy amplio de la importancia del análisis de Tarea y Usuarios, con una guía de principio a fin para la concepción de un Diseño. Lo que más me agradó fueron las técnicas que muestra para el Análisis de Tarea. Definitivamente lo recomiendo.


Review-Date: 2/5/1999 Rating: 4 Summary: a perfect starter text for students and new comers

This book is a perfect starter text for students and new comers to interface design. I have found it to be the most concise collection of interface methodology in print. I am currently using this book to guide my college level communication class through a user–centered design curriculum. They have found it to be some of the easiest material written on these subjects to digest.


 
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